International Astronautical Congress

a great design. Um it did not receive sufficient ground testing. So never never made it to orbit. Um but that would have been the sort of the closest probably parallel to to uh Starship. Um the the the really the biggest difference the most fundamental difference of Starship is that it is designed to be fully reusable.

Uh with both the booster and the ship or the the both the first and second stage uh being are designed to be fully and rapidly reusable. So that so for a truly profound revolution in mass to orbit uh you have to have I call it uh with the four four Rs rapidly reusable reliable rockets. R I love it. Like a pirate R. Everybody give me an R. There we are. All right. So what does what does success look like for this uh flight number two?

What does success look like for you? What are you trying to achieve? Um, well, I I do want to set expectations. Um, well, not too high. Um, so there there's this there's a trans new technology in this rocket. Um, we are we have actually changed the entire stage separation system from um uh something that was uh I'm not sure how to describe this, but but but um kind kind of a a a just just a a rotation and flip.

We're try we're trying to we're trying to move to a passive stage subsystem where you don't have pushers essentially um in in the to try to eliminate parts. Um there's no pushers, no interstage like Falcon 9 has. Um and uh with with with with flight 2, we're actually trying to do um hot staging. Um so so hot staging would mean that we light the the ship or upper stage engines uh while the boost engines are still partially thrusting.

So we throttle down and shut down uh most of the booster engines. Then we light the the ship engines and there's there's a vent area which looks comically small um actually um which hopefully is enough uh because you're you're you're essentially blasting the top of the booster with the ship.

Um uh now this is actually uh from a physics standpoint the most efficient way to do stage separation and the Soviets uh and later the Russians made extensive use of um of hot staging. Um and but but of course this is the first time we're doing it. So I would say that's that's the riskiest part of the flight uh for flight two.

Um, and if if if the if the engine's light and the ship uh doesn't blow itself up during stage seven, uh then I think we've got a decent chance of reaching orbit. Um, now technically it's it's a it's a scooch below orbit because it's it's going to do almost a complete circle of the Earth, but then splash down somewhere somewhere in the Pacific uh just off the coast of Hawaii.

um because the ship is designed to re-enter um and has a as a heat shield. So we we we want to make now we don't know if this we think it'll work but we aren't sure if it will work. So if it doesn't work we want it to not work over the Pacific which is a very large body of water um with almost no people on it. Excellent target. Excellent target. Yeah. Exactly.

I I mean I always think it's funny that you know people call earth because earth is water. Um earth is 70% water and if you take a a a you know um the the an actual round version of the earth not not a merkural projection um but the globe and you center it on the Pacific it just looks like water. It's it's it's like where's the land? So anyway, this is this is quite helpful when when you're doing experimental rocket flights.

So how many more test flights are coming up? And when do you think you're going to try to catch Starship on a tower with our giant Mechazilla? Yes, giant mechazilla. Listen, I saw Kong versus Godzilla and that's what gave me the idea. In fact, if we gave our tower legs, it could just trump around like like Mechazilla.

within the next uh year or maybe less than a year and then hopefully if we get lucky we might catch the ship um towards the end of next year. And where does the catch take place? Is it Willie Mays in the middle of the outfield over a shoulder or is it Florida somewhere? Uh, no. So, the the both the booster and the ship come back to the launch site. Okay, fantastic.

Yeah, that's what I mean by that that this in fact um I mean the the thing that since we need a giant tower with customized uh arms to lift the the booster and the ship onto the launch pad, um we don't absolutely need it. We can technically do it with with with humongous cranes on a low wind day. Um uh but that's quite unwieldy.

Um the the the tower with the arms is capable of lifting the booster and the ship even on on on a on on a very windy day or moderately windy day. Um, so then it just seemed to me that well, if we can lift the the ship and the booster, the ship onto the onto the launch stand or the booster onto the launch stand and the ship onto the booster with those same arms, we should be able to catch the the booster and the ship with those same arms.

Um, you know, we've gotten pretty good with with um with the thruster based landing. Um, and in fact, we can make this we can make the the rocket hover in midair. Um, in fact, we were able to do that many years ago.

If you look at the old uh Falcon 9 test videos, uh, which we were called Grasshopper, where where we'd actually take the Falcon 9 booster and we'd have it just go up and and hover at 100 meters and then translate over another 100 meters, then translate back and then come back and land. So, we were able to do that over a decade ago. Um, it's it's not obviously very efficient with propellant to have a rocket hover, but it can be done.

Um so that was I was like okay well let's just have the rocket come back and you know hover briefly um and have the then the arms come together and and catch it. So that's the that's the general idea is uh going back to what I was saying with with it's not it's not just reusability, it's rapid reusability. Um and and it doesn't get more rapid than bringing it back to the launch site.

And so in principle the uh that the booster must come back very fast by the way. One one way or another that booster is coming back to land or it's going to land fast because um with with the high thrust to weight that we're we're aiming for which is sort of on the order of 1. 3 to 1. 4 for uh the the and and and a staging ratio which is currently about uh 3:1 in favor of the booster.

So propellant to um the propellant on booster to propellant on chef is about 3 to one on on the current version, but it's trending closer to 2:1 on uh with with future versions. That means that we're we're shifting more and more of the uh delta V burden to the ship side. Um that means the the booster actually uh uses up its propellant quite quickly.

Um and we will will trend towards about only about 100 seconds um or so of a booster flight um and the booster will immediately flip around, boost back to the launch site and land. And so it really we're talking about the booster being back at the launch site in about four or five minutes which is pretty pretty wild to think it's like five five you know five minute booster basically.

Um it's about it's it's it's landed somehow whether it's it's either crashed or it's landed on the it's been caught by the arms one of the two. Um and within 5 minutes and so so so then you then you then lands back on launch stand and uh you can then refill propellant. The the the booster the ship side obviously is going to take a minimum of an hour and a half to get around the planet. Um still going pretty fast.

Uh but you got to circle the globe. Um and and obviously that depends on what uh inclination and so what what's your launch azimuth? What's your inclination of the booster as to whether it has a flight coming back over the launch site or not?

If it uh in technically possible to do it in a single orbit we before we are conf confident that the ship like I said the the the hardest part for for ship reusability that that that is the hardest part of the equation. So with with Falcon 9, we we've gotten pretty far with reusability. Um you the the booster it's now highly unusual for the booster to not come back and land. It's so it's gotten quite normal for the booster to come back and land.

We now have a couple boosters that are I've done 17 I think 18 flights at this point. Um and um and and then the fairing is also recovered. So the fairing reusability is also solid. Uh but but the Falcon 9 design does not allow for reusability of the upper stage. Listly gigantic.

That's that was my first impression when I when I first went up there in a man lift and and and and climbed through the little hole uh for the Starship initial rough prototype. I was like this like what what have we done? This thing is too this thing is ridiculously big. Um so now this actually can be great for science though.

Um so um one of the exciting projects that we're working with is uh with the soul uh prom motor at Berkeley uh on a um a telescope a space telescope uh that is able to uh use the that that what you it's it's got an enormous lens. I think it's perhaps a seven or 8 m diameter um lens and uh it it's actually a satellite that was meant for the or a um the lens was meant for for a groundbased satellite.

But if you then take that same satellite and put it in um in in orbit, its capabilities are greatly enhanced because you don't have the obiscation of the of the atmosphere. Um so that's why for example the the the Hubble which is actually a fairly small telescope can do better than uh I think any ground any maybe any historical ground satellite especially in the visual spectrum.

So uh so so we're very excited about the what what it can do for space science um because because really at this point especially for for any photons that where there's interference with uh the atmosphere um so any any sort of short wavelength photons you really want your satellite uh to be uh in vacuum or rather your your telescope to be in vacuum. Um so that's really the future.

So I think there's a lot of exciting potential there for planetary for for space science. Um and um but but like said the the really fundamentally the reason it's so so gigantic is is that uh if if you're on a you know long journey to Mars, I think being cooped up in a something the size of a minivan would would uh be unappealing to most people. Just so comparison for the audience here, I think the Hubble telescope was something like 2.

4 meter diameter. Uh, and so you're talking about, I think, three times the size, uh, somewhere along that order for the mirror. That's incredible. Um, we've seen some changes down there in Texas at Starbase. I don't know if that's where you're you're you're streaming from here today, but, uh, there's a new factory uh that you're working on to enable a faster manufacturing rate. Can you talk to us a little bit about that?

What are you trying to what are your goals? What are you what are you trying to achieve with the with the new factory? Yeah. So, we are building a giant factory for a giant rocket. Um, and um, I mean, honestly, it I I recommend people visit uh, Star Base. Um, as it turns out, it's it's on a state highway. So, for the I think it's one of the rare situations where u, and I actually don't mind.

I think it's kind of cool that that the public can actually drive within a literal stones throw away from the factory and the launch site and actually see the rocket firsthand. In fact, uh if you go on the internet right now, including on the X platform, there are people who are live streaming it 24/7 uh the entire construction uh launchpad everything. Um and um so so it's people say like can I go see it? It's so easy to go see.

You can just literally fly to Brownsville and drive down drive to the beach and you can see it literally a stones throw away the factory and the launch site. Um so anyone who's wants to do that I I recommend it. It's very very easy. No permission required. Um so yeah we're building this giant rocket factory. Um we the engines are still manufactured in California at SpaceX headquarters uh in um in Los Angeles.

um which which is also that's it's also an odd location. That's where we built the the the uh Falcon 9 rockets and the Dragon spacecraft really about 5 minutes from LAX um at the at sort of what used to be a Northrup headquarters I believe. Um so um so that's so anyway that's but yeah we're building this giant factory.

The thing is so in order to um if you look at the in the grand scheme of things say okay what is required to have a self-sustaining base on Mars or city on Mars um you have to really think of it in terms of very large tonnage uh the and and if we could even get the tonnage estimate to correct to within an order of magnitude I think we doing well.

Um, so the, you know, I think I think we we should probably aim for something like a million tons of useful load delivered to the surface of Mars. Um, which requires roughly 5 million tons to Earth orbit. So, you know, because you get about 20 for whatever mass you get to Earth orbit, you get about 20% of that mass landed to the surface of Mars. You know, give or take, maybe you can get 25% optimistically.

Um, so that's why this thing is so gigantic. um is we've got to get five million tons to to to Earth to orbit which hopefully gets about um a million tons to surf to Mars and hopefully a million tons is enough to create a self-sustaining city on Mars. Un incredible. Um so talking about Mars, any new predictions on when you I know this is your ultimate goal, your destination. Uh any predictions on when Starship might land on Mars without crew?

Maybe a crude flight. Any uh any prediction there? Well, I think three or four years. Four years. That would be Yeah, something like All right. I have to check with the Earth M uh the you know um get have orbital synchronization about every 26 months. Um so you can't just go fly to Mars when it's on the other side of the sun. um from Earth. Uh that's unwieldy.

So that roughly every 26 months the orbits um uh are in the right relative position um and then you then you have the Mars transport window. Um so I think you know but I think it's sort of feasible within the next four years um to do an uncrrewed test test landing there. Yeah. Didn't have enough on your plate. You're doing a lunar lander version. Yes. Yeah.

Well, really Starship should be a generalized uh transport system to anywhere in the solar system. That that's the intent with when you when you have propulsive landing. You you you can land anywhere whether there's an atmosphere, no atmosphere. Um you know, it's not really dependent on uh water.

uh you know obviously you know for for uh crude capsules on on on Earth we've generally gone with parachutes and water um or you know uh and in Russia it's on land but then they need retro rockets right at the end to sort of slow things down um so a a propulsive system should generalize to be able to land anywhere on a solid surface anywhere on the the um in the solar system.

So, um, the the the moon, while it's sort of dusty, that that the moon is actually harder than it's not just a big dust pile. So, it's it's harder than you'd think. U the the lunar regalith. Um, so I'm I'm sort of optimistic that we can take a starship that's fairly, you know, unmodified from what would land on Earth or Mars. Obviously, you need legs.

Um, but apart from that, I suspect you could land the Starship with minor modifications on on the moon and and the same would go for once you have a propellant uh plant on Mars. Um, you could then go to the asteroid belt and and the moons of Jupiter. Um if you could establish a propellant plant there um then um then you could go to uh the moons of Saturn and and ultimately all the way out into the caper belt and Todd.

What you're talking about requires propellant transfer obviously in orbit. Can you explain to everyone uh watching why that's necessary and how it works and and how you work to progress to to make that propellant transfer happen? Uh yes. So really propellant transfer is is a similar problem to just docking. Um now we've gotten pretty good at docking with the uh Dragon going to the space station.

Um and docking with the space station is uh really quite difficult because we didn't design the space station and the space station has a lot of complexities uh and has crew on board. So, uh, we have to be extremely careful. Um, and that the so talking with the space station takes is is like I would say it's far more difficult to dock with the space station than it would be to dock with our own spaceship.

Um and and so uh propellant transfer just really means um that we we send a b a a starship up there with with no payload um and and it just transfers its propellant to um a ship that is already there. So you have to do dock with the ship that is going to Mars or the moon and transfer the propellant um from a version of the ship that has no cargo.

Now there's there's there there'll be a future sort of um tanker optimized version of of Starship um where where we you know um have have we we stretch the tanks um and have little to no cargo space uh because that's the optimal thing for a tanker. But but you don't have to do that.

um that will that will increase the the the propellant load of the tanker or you know the the propellant transferability of of the of the tanker but it's not it's not absolutely necessary you just you could in theory use an unmodified starship uh and transfer propellant that way.

So um I would imagine that you're doing this and you may have multiple launches uh in either rapid succession or maybe multiple pads launching multiple versions of the vehicle. Is that all taking place from Texas? And how quickly do those launches have to take place to make this uh work? Yeah, we'll we'll have a launch site in S in Texas as well as in Florida.

So, we've actually partially built a Starship launch pad um at uh pad 39A, which is where we launched Falcon Heavy and um our crude uh crew dragon. Um, so we've partially built and we'll probably we'll we'll fully build that out over time and and probably have um at some point a a green field um location for Starship at at the Cape.

Um now in the in the sort of you say like four or five year time frame where perhaps we're launching several times a day uh then we may need to go to uh an oceanbased like platform um just if if if you're launching I don't know 10 times a day uh that might be a bit much for even for the cape I don't know um but uh so we may end up doing uh platform based launches um from from a specially designed sort of oceangoing platform.

Um but we we will need to do a lot of launches. We're talking about thousands of launches per year. So, uh, at at and and so you do get up to the sort of what I was talking about, um, million tons or 5 million tons to orbit that if you've got, you know, uh, a thousand launches a year, each of which do over a 100 tons, that's 100,000 tons of cargo, you know, per year to orbit. Um, that's still not quite enough.

Um, I think we'd want to get to roughly a million tons of orbit uh per per year to to Earth orbit per year, which would mean that you get to a million tons to Mars in 5 years. These are very big numbers obviously. Um just put things into perspective. Uh all of Earth's launch capability uh right now apart from Falcon is about 400 tons to orbit per year. Um Falcon 9 this year will do I think around 15 or 1600 tons.

So Falcon 9, you know, it's already doing about 80% of Earth mass to orbit and next year we expect to increase that by about 40 or 50% on the Falcon side. So you know um maybe 2500 tons to orbit for Falcon next year. But these are small still small numbers compared to what's required for um essentially making life multilanetary.

For making life multilanetary, you've got to be in the sort of hundreds of thousands to millions of tons of two to two Earth orbit per year. Unbelievable numbers really. Uh as somebody worked in the launch business for several years, it's uh it's incredible for me to even try to think about that much NASA to orbit in one year. It's uh it's that's crazy. Yeah, it's absolutely crazy. Ludicrous mode, I think. Yeah. For launch. Very much so. Yeah.

But it's it's either either we do that or we're a single plant species forever. So we we either achieve uh those kind of numbers or um we will we will never have a self-sustaining city on Mars into building this amazing launch system. You're also working on a Polaris mission uh for that's going to allow I think Dragon to open and have uh people uh uh actually floating in space doing an EVA and you're building a space suit for that.

Um so you can talk a little bit about that space suit and can you use that same suit on the moon and Mars and for other missions? Yeah, so the SpaceX uh space suit um we we do expect to evolve that to be something that can be an AVA suit on uh the ground on the moon and Mars. Um um and um it started off initially as as really just a pressure suit just in case there's an emergency emergency depressurization of the spacecraft.

Um so it's it's was basically like a self-contained life support system uh in in suit form. Um and uh obviously we'll retain that capability but uh but but now um for an upcoming flight we we want to do an EVA or extra vehic you know basically go float around in space um still on a tether so it's not it's not going to be an independent uh little little space little little space suit that's just flying around.

Um we could do that but and maybe that'll happen on a future flight. Uh but it will be a tethered uh EVA. Um so just you're just out there floating in the void connected by a thin cord to the spaceship. Amazing. Uh you uh put a Tesla in space. This was like an amazing uh thing to see a Tesla actually flying into space. So you've already put put one of the vehicles in space. Are you thinking about making a Tesla rover, maybe moon or Mars?

Uh any any ideas for Cybert truck on the moon? It would look cool. That's for sure. Um now nice thing nice thing about electric cars is that obviously do not require oxygen to uh they don't combustion cars. So they don't they don't require they don't have to ingest oxygen from the ambient atmosphere. Um, so, um, yeah, I think you know, Tesla could easily make a car that, uh, you know, like a Cybert truck Luna variant.

Just get the get the moon option package. Um so um yeah I mean the reason that we launched the car the reason we launched the car heavy I should say is it just that we wanted something was that was exciting as a uh initial payload but but where the loss of the load would not be catastrophic. So people wonder why my why is my car orbiting Earth both and Mars. Um because it's in an elliptical orbit.

Um and and actually it almost touches it touches like the edge of the asteroid belt and and goes past the orbit of Mars. It's just that we we weren't sure if the first flight of heavy would fail or not and we wanted to just have a payload that was more exciting than the pump. I thought it was brilliant. Uh really uh a master stroke in terms of getting uh attention of the world really to put that in orbit. Thanks.

Uh can Starship be used as a space station? How long could it stay in orbit? And uh what would be the purpose of that? How how could that work? So, how long could Starship be in orbit? Yeah. Could it be its own space station? If you wanted to put a starship up with a caterpillar, a laboratory, how long could that uh could it stay in orbit and still come down? Oh, there's no real limit. You could stay in orbit for a very long time.

Um the the the uh the volume of the Sasha be fairing is roughly comparable to the volume of the of the International Space Station. Um so there's about about a thousand cubic meters of of volume in the in the uh fairing I think space station's a comparable amount and would have the power to run a lot of laboratory experiments. Sorry. Yeah. G given that it's given that it's similar volume to the space station.

Um you you could uh do what what you're doing in the space station on a starship uh if you want. Um but there's no there's no limit to how long it can stay out stay up there. It's really just you you you need you know solar panels, battery, and um uh some thrusters to maintain orbit. How about pointto-point transportation?

I know uh when you were in Guadalajara uh at the IC uh you got you kind of hinted at a little bit of the point pointto-oint capability of transportation uh I I can't remember the exact amount of time to get from one side of the world to the next but can you talk about that? How do you see the the future of pointtooint using uh using Starship? Yeah.

So, uh the fastest way with with known physics to get from one place to another on Earth is with a inter intercontinental ballistic missile. Um this is this is why ICBMs with nukes are kind of like the ultimate weapon. Um now in this case it's sort of lead the nuke at landing. Um but it's it's it's certainly very feasible. Um obviously if we can uh take off and trans and land on Mars or the moon, we can take off and land on Earth too.

Um so so it really comes down to a question of of is it economically viable compared to long-distance aircraft and I think our back the envelope numbers suggest that it it actually has a shot at being economically viable for longdistance transport on Earth. um for for a few reasons. Um the propellant cost is actually quite low being um liquid methane, liquid oxygen. Uh the cost of liquid oxygen is it's primarily liquid oxygen.

It's about um 77 78% uh liquid oxygen by plant mass and roughly 22 or 23% um liquid methane. So the propellant cost is it's lowest cost propellant you could possibly um get on Earth. And um and then the um the because the rocket's moving so fast uh you you can use it about in theory about 10 times more than you could use an aircraft.

So um you know so so Falcon 9 oh sorry Starship can go from let's say Los Angeles to Sydney or something like that um in 20 minutes basically maybe half an hour at most. So um you know whereas I think I think an airliner takes about 14 or 15 hours. So you've got something which is really much faster than an aircraft.

And so for an airliner that you can do basically an order of magnitude more trips with Starship than you can with an airliner which means that the and this and no pilots are needed. In fact you can't p this is not only a computer can pilot this because human reaction times not fast enough.

Um, so then you don't have the pilot costs, you don't have the food costs, you don't have the um, you know, you don't really even need bathrooms if we can get there in half an hour. So it it actually would work out that uh, it's it's actually we think lower cost than long-distance aircraft. Okay. You got a little chuckle here in the crowd about the no bathroom line. So I think people are looking forward to it. Yeah.

I mean, it's less than a half an hour, you know. You say like go just go before you get hop on, you know, and um yeah, you'll be there fast. I mean, you you you could technically um you know um have, I don't know, breakfast in LA, uh lunch in London, and you know, dinner in Singapore, and then be back back in LA for bedtime. All right, you heard it here, guys. Huge, huge round of applause here.

So, you're connecting now, I think, something like two million people with Starlink, right? With your with your satellite communication system, uh, and growing rapidly. Um, you're mastering communications from space to Earth, uh, from low Earth orbit. You're now doing, uh, inter satellite links, uh, with this system. Uh what do you see for Starlink being used as a relay let's say around the moon or for comm relay all the way to Mars and back?

Yeah. Um well for for Mars Mars you'd want um basically like a laser relay system essentially. It sort of depends on what what what bandwidth you're looking for. Obviously, in order to have continuous coverage with Mars, you'd have to um uh have some relay system because you can't transmit through the sun.

So, when Mars on, you know, when the sun's between you and the and Mars, you have to um do a bank shot um through a relay satellite um so that your photons don't have to go through the sun. Um uh so and and then it say ultimately we want you know terabit maybe pabit level data transfer between Earth and Mars. So then you're going to you're going to want probably some some relay satellites along the way to be able to do that.

Um it's it's just really it's a bandwidth thing. Um you'd want to use lasers. Um and then the the laser beam is going to widen um with distance. So that then you need to be able to receive the laser beam before it gets too wide. Um this means that you need a series of satellites uh in order to um communicate with Mars at its furthest distance especially with very high bandwidth.

You can obviously do low bandwidth uh with longer wavelength length photons but but but if if there's a you know human city on Mars uh you'd want to have very high bandwidth. So then for bunch of lasers and and satellite Starlink already uses inter uh lasers for insatellite communication. So, if if I may, just a couple more questions. Um, throughout this week here at the IC, uh, we've been inspired. There's thousands of young people here.

I think 41% of our delegates are under the age of 35, which is incredible by by any, uh, space conference metric. We get a lot of young people here. Uh, there's delegates from the Space Generation Advisory Council, from the Future Space Leaders Foundation, from the YP program here at the IIAF. Do you have a message for these young people, the young engineers and scientists that are here? Many of them have been inspired by you.

Anything you can say to them about pursuing a career in space or what motivated you to do all the things that you're doing? Yeah. Um I mean I'm interested in that which further civilization. Um and I I think we want to expand the scope and scale of consciousness so as to better understand the nature of the universe.

Um and even to ask understand which questions to ask like um you know one of the most inspiring books I've read was uh the hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy um where where in the they're trying to understand meaning of life in the you know hitchhiker's guide and the I mean the larger message of the hitchhikers guide to the galaxy is that you you actually need to know what questions to ask about the answer that is the universe and we we don't yet know what questions to ask.

So, I'm just curious really I'm just curious as to the nature of reality. Um, where does where where does it all go to? Where does it where does it come from? Where are the aliens, for example? Are there aliens? Is it are we alone? Um, people often ask me um if I'm seen any evidence of of aliens, and I unfortunately have seen no evidence of aliens yet. We are the aliens as far as I can tell.

Um, and I think if anyone would know, it would probably be me. And I've not seen any evidence of aliens. So what what that perhaps suggests is that um this tiny candle of consciousness that is humanity uh is all that exists in a vast darkness. Um and we should do everything we can to ensure that the candle does not go out. We've had a wonderful week here in Baku by the gas. So, we've had a wonderful week here in Baku.

Uh, next year we're going to Milan in Italy for the 75th IA. We would love to have you come back for sure if you're in the neighborhood or you can hop over in a starship. We would love to have you. Sure. Uh, it would make quite the quite the quite the entry. It's going to land on the roof. I'll ask the Italian hosts to see if that's possible. So, um, just a a fun question again. When do you think we can host an IC in outer space?

Um, that's a great question. Um, probably less than 10 years. Let's have it. [Music] Well, Elon, I'd like to thank you for joining us today. Congratulations on the World Space Award. Welld deserved and uh our pleasure. We'd love to have you back. Good luck with your next launch. Thank you. Thanks. It was an honor to be be interview. Thank you everyone.